Macmillan Dictionary

In the sense defined by Marx exploitation is in itself a morally neutral term, since it is the degree, nature and utilization of surplus product rather than its existence per se which determines the progressive or retrograde nature of the overall system of class relations. In common usage, however, the term has acquired pejorative connotations and refers rather to the existence of unjust or abusive labour policies. A concept which links the notion of COMMUNICATION to that of CREATIVITY. TECHNOLOGY; DEVELOPMENT.) internal colonialism. This refers to COLONIAL-type social systems occurring within complex multi-ethnic states.

GYNY, enforced spinsterhood and marriages far away ensure a demand for women from below. At the bottom, therefore, there will not be enough wives to go around. As J.P. Parry has shown this system Accounting Periods and Methods is unstable. The status of both spouses is linked to the status of their offspring, and superiors as well as inferiors may decide that, temporarily at least, it is safer to marry equals.

Although the English language is made up of over one million individual words, 90% of all written and spoken text consists of 7,500. The Macmillan English Dictionary highlights these vital 7,500 in red, encouraging learners to swiftly grasp the core words necessary to speak and write fluently. Collins online dictionary and reference resources draw on the wealth of reliable and authoritative information about language, thanks to the extensive use of our corpora – vast databases of language – both in English and in other languages. From the publisher of the best-selling Macmillan Dictionary for Children, here is the Macmillan Dictionary for Students. Authoritative and easy to use, it is the most comprehensive dictionary geared specifically to the needs of junior-high and high-school students. It contains 90,000 entries 120,000 definitions, and more than 1,900 illustrations to make meanings absolutely clear. The Macmillan Dictionary for Students also offers such helpful features as 34,000 illustrative sentences, 19,000 notes on word origins, and 2,000 synonym studies.

The first dining car in England was run experimentally by the Great Northern railway between London and Leeds in 1879, and now such vehicles form a common feature on express trains, being available for all classes of passengers without extra charge beyond the amount payable for food. There was no longer within the Russian land any independent principality in which an asylum could be found, and emigration to a principality beyond the frontier, such as Lithuania, was regarded as treason, for which the property of the fugitive would be confiscated and his family might be punished. It is on the windward faces of the highest ground, or just beyond the summit of less dominant heights upon the leeward side, that most rain falls, and all that does not evaporate or percolate into the ground is conducted back to the sea by a route which depends only on the form of the land. Beyond the limits of his personal travels Herodotus applied the characteristically Greek theory of symmetry to complete, in the unknown, outlines The ides of lands and rivers analogous to those which had been of symexplored. Trace out the clue of causation to the end, says Hegel in effect, and it introduces you, not to a single first cause beyond nature, but to the totality of natural process – a substance, as it were, in which all causes inhere. And, as nature reveals no great care for this postulate, we must appeal away beyond nature to a power who shall make good men at the last as happy as they deserve to be.

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There is also a blog with daily postings on language issues, especially on global English and language change. An “Open Dictionary” allows users to provide their own dictionary entries for new words they have come across. The online edition has been recognised as a good example of this emerging genre of reference publishing.

For kinship terminology the reader is advised to consult the article abbreviations in kinship on page 1. The abbreviation BP refers to dates ‘before present’. Learn English Grammar by MeaningKosh. Short Essay and Paragraph writing. English Grammar normal balance for class six to HSC level students. Outliers synonyms, Outliers pronunciation, Outliers translation, English dictionary definition of Outliers. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property.

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In the extreme south, beyond the basin of the Kalamas, the mountains of Suli and Olyzika form a separate group. The rivers, as a rule, flow from east to west; owing to the rapidity of their descent none are navigable except the Boyana and Arta in their lower courses. In the second case, if freedom were possible without inevitability we should have arrived at unconditioned freedom beyond space, time, and cause, which by the fact of its being unconditioned and unlimited would be nothing, or mere content without form.

• The Iroquois system is of the BIFURCATE merging type, equating parallel cousins with siblings and distinguishing cross-cousins from both.
• For other areas we have often no description of the procedure at all, but merely the briefest outline of the actual process of slaughter, and we are ignorant whether the form of the rite is in reality simple , or whether the absence of detail is due to the inattention or lack of interest of the observer.
• Approaches within ACTION THEORY, on the other hand, have tended instead to emphasize rather the flexibility or relativity of norms and values, and the creation of ongoing social systems as a result of the sum of individual decisions and actions.
• Evans-Pritchard’s model of the segmentary lineage system has been widely criticized, both in terms of contradictions with the empirical evidence and in terms of its theoretical presuppositions.
• The existence of such an ISOGAMOUS phase is also precarious because every marriage may itself, after the event, be conceptualized as hypergamous, and the system tends to revert to its original form.

This dictionary has good simple definitions that explain the more common meanings well. It also has the derivations for most of its entries. These are often very helpful to get a full understanding of a word. This is a dictionary of information technology containing over 7800 entries, which attempts to explain data processing, communications, office systems, information systems, micro-electronics, graphics, printing and consumer electronics. Over 150 diagrams accompany the text for further clarity and an extended cross-referencing system aims to enable the reader to gain additional insight into the principles of IT. An earlier edition won an award from American Library Association.

(See ANISOGAMY.) itinerant agriculture. 120 folk VISM or CULTURAL DETERMINISM is their failure to account for the flexibility and individual variability of attitudes and values as well as norms of social behaviour. Both the British concept of social str.ucture and the US concept of culture tended to become reified as systems considered to be above and beyond the individual and in some way to determine his or her behaviour and attitudes or values. Both approaches consequently tended to assume a high degree of uniformity and CONSENSUS as characteristic of ‘primitive’ or traditional societies. Critics have pointed out that these assumptions lead us to neglect both the actual degree of variation and disagreement found in any real population, and the possibility of flexibility, creativity and change in sociocultural systems. Approaches within ACTION THEORY, on the other hand, have tended instead to emphasize rather the flexibility or relativity of norms and values, and the creation of ongoing social systems as a result of the sum of individual decisions and actions. Within STRUCTURALISM there is an attempt to relate the variability of ‘surface’ manifestations of culture and social structure to underlying generative and/or analytical models or structures.

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There is therefore a tendency for the system to break into ENDOGAMOUS circles of intermarrying groups who agree to boycott their superior and inferior affines in future marriages. The existence of such an ISOGAMOUS phase is also precarious because every marriage may itself, after the event, be conceptualized as hypergamous, and the system tends to revert to its original form. These cycles of transformation macmillan dic indicate that hypergamy and isogamy cannot be sharply distinguished. As an idea hypergamy, accompanied by unidirectional prestations and terminological distinctions between affines may exist either in a situation where there is a statistical prevalence of hypergamous marriages, or with the practice of isogamous exchange marriages. 284 use value evolving interdependence with urban centres.

On the whole the remarks of this esteemed author do not go much beyond such as might occur to any one who had made a study of a good series of specimens; but many of them are published for the first time, and the author is careful to insist on the necessity of not resting solely on sternal characters, but associating with them those drawn from other parts of the body. The objects of religious knowledge are beyond the plane of history, or rather – in a thoroughly Gnostic and Neo-Platonic spirit – they are regarded as belonging to a supra-mundane history. This is the oldest of existing states, though its authentic history does not go back much beyond 1000 B.C. It is generally admitted that there was some connexion between the ancient civilizations of China and Babylonia, but its precise nature is still uncertain. For other areas we have often no description of the procedure at all, but merely the briefest outline of the actual process of slaughter, and we are ignorant whether the form of the rite is in reality simple , or whether the absence of detail is due to the inattention or lack of interest of the observer.

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However Kuper claims that the model is not relevant to either Nuer values or their social structure, while others such as Holy have pointed out that the segmentary lineage model relates only to one aspect of Nuer values or social organization, and that other sets of values and other domains of social life shouid also be taken into account. 82 dominance domestic group’s independence as the unit which controls the MEANS OF PRODUCfiON and the labour process. Sahlins’ description of the domestic mode of production details an ideal type of productive system in which domestic groups are autonomous politicoeconomic units.

It implies an evolutionary model in which the most primitive societies and economies are those where there are few significant relationships between households. Sahlins’ model has been criticized by those ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGISTS who contend that production even in the most simple society is already controlled at a community level, and that there are always important political, economic and social relationships linking domestic groups with one another. Dominance in human behaviour and relationships has been interpreted in two different ways. On the one hand anthropologists influenced by ETHOLOGY and SOCIOBIOLOGY – or other biologicallyoriented models – have seen dominance as the expression and regulation of aggression.

These 7,500 words are highlighted in red, and treated in more detail, with extra information and examples. A practical reference book for the classroom and home, Macmillan English Dictionary helps students with words that are needed for communicating in English, and offers invaluable support for those who want to write and speak accurate and contemporary English. Our original pioneering values remain at the core of our current publishing programme, both in print and in digital form. By ensuring our monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, as well as our reference titles reflect language as it is used today, Collins remains the favourite choice among students, teachers and translators. The Macmillan English Dictionary also exists as an electronic dictionary, available free on the Web. Like most online dictionaries, it benefits from being able to update content regularly with new words and meanings. In addition to the dictionary, the online version has a thesaurus function enabling users to find synonyms for any word, phrase or meaning.

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Thus unilineal descent groups were the natural solution to the problems of social stability and continuity in kin-based societies. The ‘ethnographic paradigms’ for lineage theory online bookkeeping were provided however by FORTES and EVANS-PRITCHARD with their research in Africa, which was influenced both by Radcliffe-Brown and by MALINOwSKI’s functionalist theories.

It was employed by SUMNER in his Folkways , but has not passed into general usage in British or US anthropology. “outliers synonym definition and meaning in english” at online dictionary. Definition of outliers synonym definition and meaning in english. What is another word for outliers synonym definition and meaning in english?

(See AGRIBUSINESS; DEVELOPMENT.) group marriage. This concept, which is related to that of PRIMITIVE PROMISCUITY, refers to a type of MARRIAGE rule in which the sexual and economic rights and obligations of the marriage relationship are held in common among a group of men and women. In 19th- and early 20th-century kinship theory the debate regarding group marriage was of central importance. MORGAN, for example, held that this was the earliest form of marriage, while others argued for the primacy of PATRIARCHAL, monogamous, or MATRIARCHAL forms. Later, interest in this controversy declined as both US cultural and British social anthropology devoted themselves instead to the exploration and documentation of the variety of existing systems of kinship and marriage. With the works of LEVI-STRAUSS, however, interest in the evolution of structures of kinship and ALLIANCE was revived, but the notion of group marriage is foreign to the Levi-Straussian conception of a human society ordered even from its very origin by principles of communication and reciprocity between groups. Nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples found throughout the world.

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A concept introduced by WEBER to refer to the transformation of CHARISMA TIC leadership into INSTITUTIONALIZED leadership. This concept has been applied to the study of the history and development of CULTS and SECTS as well as political movements. Kenneth Pike and derived from the words ‘phonetic’ and ‘phonemic’. Phonetic accounts of language are based on the observer’s measurement of physical sound differences, while phonemic accounts are those based on speakers’ conscious or unconscious models of sound differences. The distinction between emics and etics in anthropology became popular for a time, used for the contrast between the explication and presentation of indigenous models of reality on the one hand and the description and comparison of sociocultural systems according to the observer’s criteria on the other. Ernie analyses are therefore those which stress the subjective meanings shared by a social group and their culturally specific model of experience, while etic analysis refers to the development and application of models derived from the analyst’s theoretical and formal categories. This contrast was linked to the debate about CULTURAL RELATIVISM and opposing positions in anthropology.

Third World, for example, possess a series of socio-cultural characteristics and features of community organization which have been studied within URBAN ANTHROPOLOGY and MIGRATION studies and which demonstrate the potential for social and political organization among those sectors denied access to industrial employment. SETTLEMENT or LEGAL process in certain societies. It is a test of physical endurance or a painful experience which the accused person undergoes, and the results of which are interpreted in order to establish his or her guilt or innocence. Physical ordeals also form a part of some INITIATION rites or other RITES OF PASSAGE including SHAMANIC initiation and other forms of religious training. In these cases, the physical ordeal may be intended not only to test the initiate but also to induce ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS which permit contact with the spiritual world.

A scholar known for the breadth of his interests and especially for his wide-ranging contributions to the anthropology of Africa. Forde explored in his works – among other areas – the fields of kinship and marriage, the relations between environment and society, and the manner in which anthropology as practised by members of dominant cultures should stimulate and interact with anthropology as practised by indigenous scholars. Major works include Marriage and Family among the Yako , The Context of Belief , Habitat, Economy and Society , and Yako Studies . 52 conscience coUective to do with biological relationships, and it is sometimes argued that the core meanings of all kinship terms are biological kin types .